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空气源热泵技术在住宅中的应用
空气源热泵供热就是通过吸收屋外空气中的低品位热能，依据热泵原理，利用少量的电力经过压缩机，压缩做功后产生高温热能，将水温加热到不高于60℃(一般的水温在35-50℃）的一种热泵设备。其产生的热水通过室内热水供热管路就可以给建筑物进行采暖。
Air source heat pump heating is by absorbing outside low grade heat energy in the air, on the basis of principle of heat pump, use a small amount of electricity through the compressor, compressed high temperature waste heat generated after work, will heat the water to no higher than 60 ℃ (average temperature in 35 to 50 ℃) of a heat pump equipment. The hot water that comes from the hot water can be heated through the indoor hot water heating line.
空气源热泵的工作机理就是其室外蒸发器从空气中的环境热能中吸取热量，使传热介质（冷媒/制冷剂）蒸发汽化，介质（冷媒/制冷剂）蒸气经压缩机压缩后压力和温度上升，高温蒸气通过黏结在贮水箱外表面的特制环形管冷凝器冷凝成液体，同时释放出的热量加热了空气源热泵贮水箱中的水，冷凝后的传热介质（冷媒/制冷剂）通过膨胀阀返回到蒸发器，然后再被蒸发，如此循环往复。工作原理图如下：
The working mechanism of air source heat pump is the outdoor evaporator absorbs heat from the thermal environment in the air, the heat transfer medium (refrigerant/refrigerant) evaporation vaporization, medium (refrigerant/refrigerant) steam after compressor compression pressure and temperature rise, high temperature steam through the special circular tube condenser of the surface outside the stick in the water storage tank condensed liquid, at the same time, releasing heat to heat the air source heat pump water storage tank in the water, after the condensation heat transfer medium (refrigerant/refrigerant) through the expansion valve to return to the evaporator, and then evaporate, so cycle. The working principle diagram is as follows:
总之不管是任何空调，都遵循能量守恒原理：空气能热泵把释放的能量送到水箱里交换热量。制热就反过来。冷媒的循环：气态-->液态--->气态，气态在压缩机压力下变成液态过程要产生热量，热量排出后液态冷媒变冷了流到室内交换管道与室内空气交换变成冷气，此时变成了气态冷媒。
In any case, any air conditioner follows the principle of conservation of energy: air can pump the energy released into the water tank to exchange heat. The heat is the other way around. Refrigerant cycle: gas - > - > gaseous, liquid gas under pressure from the compressor into liquid process to generate heat, heat from the liquid refrigerant cooling flow to the indoor air exchange pipes and the exchange into air conditioning, now turned into a gaseous refrigerant.
[IMG_9477 副本1.jpg] 空气源热泵的优点
[1] the advantages of air source heat pump
整体性好，安装方便，可露天安装在室外，如屋顶、阳台等处，不占有建筑面积，节省土建资源。
The whole body is good, the installation is convenient, can be installed in the open air outside, such as the place such as the roof, the balcony, do not occupy the building area, save the civil building resources.
一机两用，夏天供冷，冬天供热，冷热源兼用，省去了锅炉房
A combination of the cold, cold, cold and heat source in the summer, saving the boiler room
机组的安全保护和自动控制集成度较高，运行可靠，管理方便。
The safety protection and automatic control of the unit are high, reliable and easy to manage.
输出的有效热量总大于机组的消耗功率，比直接电热供暖节能。
The effective energy of the output is greater than the consumption power of the unit, which is more energy saving than direct electric heating.
以下表格为不同热源比较：
The following table is for different heat sources:
注1：设在相同条件下对1吨初始水温为20℃的生活热水进行加热，使水温升高到55℃。
Note 1: in the same conditions for the 1 ton of initial water temperature is 20 ℃ hot water for heating, water temperature rise to 55 ℃.
需热量：1000kg×（55-20）℃×1Kcal/kg℃=35000 Kcal
Heat requirement: 1000 kg * (55-20 ℃ * 1 Kcal/kg ℃ = 35000 Kcal
注2：能源价格表：商用电：0.9元/°，轻柴油：5元/㎏，液化气：14元/m³
Note 2: the energy price list: commercial electricity: 0.9 yuan / °, light diesel oil: 5 yuan / ㎏, liquefied gas, 14 yuan/m after
综上优点，越来越多的地产商鉴于用户维度的考虑，采用空气源热泵作为生活热水的首选，以江南区域为主。
To sum up the advantages, more and more real estate developers have adopted the air source heat pump as the first choice for living hot water in view of the user dimension.
[IMG_9477 副本1.jpg] 空气源热泵的缺点
[img 9477 copy 1. JPG] air source heat pump defects
机组常年暴露在室外，运行环境差，使用寿命比冷水机组短。
The unit is exposed to the outside, the operating environment is poor, and the service life is shorter than the chiller.
机组的制冷制热性能随室外气候变化明显。制冷量随室外气温升高而降低，制热量随室外气温降低而减少。
The refrigerating heat performance of the unit is obvious with outdoor climate. The refrigerating volume decreases with the increase of outdoor air temperature, and the heat production decreases with outdoor air temperature.
机组是以室外空气作为热源，由于空气比热容小以及室外侧的传热温差小，故所需风量较大，机组的体积也较大。
The unit is a heat source with outdoor air, because the air is smaller than the heat capacity and the heat transfer in the outdoor side is small, so the air volume is larger and the volume of the unit is larger.
冬季室外温度在-5℃~5℃范围时，蒸发器常会结霜，需频繁的进行融霜，供热能力会下降。
Winter outdoor temperature within the range - 5 ℃ ~ 5 ℃, evaporator frosting, are always need frequent to defrost, heating ability will decline.
[IMG_9477 副本1.jpg] 空气源热泵应用范围的局限性
[1] the limitations of the application range of air source heat pump
空气源热泵的工作温度是零下10至40℃。使用这一技术，能有效节约能源，其运行成本只有电热水器的1/4，如按照现有的电价和油价，烧热同样多的热水，它的运行成本只有燃油锅炉的1/2。
Air source heat pump working temperature is 10 to 40 ℃ below zero. Using this technology, can effectively save energy and its running cost is only a quarter of the electric water heater, such as in accordance with the existing electricity and oil, heat the same amount of hot water, and its running cost is only half the fuel boiler.
但普通空气源热泵型机组由于受到压缩机运行范围、运行特性和要求的限制，实际上仅能运行于不低于-10℃的环境。在室外环境温度低于-10℃的情况下，机组的制热能力和效率下降明显，而且在低温环境下，热泵系统还会出现回液、排气温度高、超范围运行等问题，因此对于长江以北及广大的北方地区，其适应性下降。
But ordinary air source heat pump units due to the working characteristic and the request of compressor operating range, and in fact can only run on not less than 10 ℃ environment. In outdoor environment temperature is below - under the condition of 10 ℃, the heating capacity and efficiency of unit down significantly, and under the environment of low temperature, heat pump system will also come back to liquid, high exhaust temperature, make run, so for the Yangtze river and north of the north, the adaptive decline.
普通单级压缩空气源热泵机组在低温环境下的热量衰减严重的主要原因是：在室外温度低（低于-10℃）的情况下，制冷剂蒸气压力下降，制冷剂质量流量下降，导致在压缩机体积排气量不变的情况下，用于制热的制冷剂的质量流量非常低，机组的制热效果下降，制热量衰减严重，而此时又是制热量需求最大的时候，因此此时普通空气源热泵机组不适用。
Ordinary single stage compression air source heat pump units under the environment of low temperature heat attenuation serious main reason is: in the outdoor temperature is low (less than 10 ℃), under the condition of refrigerant vapor pressure drop, refrigerant mass flow rate decreased, resulting in under the condition of invariable volume displacement compressors, refrigerant mass flow rate is very low for heating, heating effect of the unit, system heat attenuation is serious, and is the largest system heat demand, so this time ordinary air source heat pump units shall not apply.
[IMG_9477 副本1.jpg] 空气源热泵的特性及使用要求
[img 9477 copy 1. JPG] air source heat pump characteristics and usage requirements
由于空气源热泵是从外围的空气环境中吸收热量来制热的，因此它的制热性能较大的受到环境温度的影响，随着室外温度的降低，热泵的性能系数也随之下降，当性能系数下降到接近1时，采用热泵供热就失去了节能的意义，因此空气源热泵不能应用于室外气温过低的情况下。另外，当室外温度低于热泵机组可接受的工作温度时，机组也无法启动工作。
Due to air source heat pump from the periphery to heating of the heat absorption of air environment, so its heating performance affected by environmental temperature, with the loss of the outdoor temperature, the heat pump performance coefficient is also down, when the coefficient of performance dropped to near 1, using heat pump heating loses the significance of energy saving, so the air source heat pump can not be applied to outdoor air temperature is too low. In addition, when the outdoor temperature is lower than the acceptable working temperature of the heat pump unit, the unit cannot start the work.
随着空气源热泵设备的不断改进，空气源热泵的工作温度下限也从早期的-5℃，发展到-25℃左右的超低温热泵。这就应运产生了北方地区采暖专用的空气源热泵----低温型空气源热泵。
With the continuous improvement of air source heat pump equipment, the working temperature of air source heat pump and floor also from early - 5 ℃, the development of up to 25 ℃ or so - cryogenic heat pump. This should result in the air source heat pump for heating in the northern region - the cryogenic air source heat pump.
低温型空气源热泵
Cryogenic air source heat pump
为了提升低温环境下的制热效果，增大空气源热泵机组的适用地域范围，可采用带经济器的低温空气源热泵技术，其工作原理如图所示。此项技术主要是在压缩机的压缩中间段增加补气口，也就是传统的经济器接口。经济器流路是在液管（点1）处分出一路制冷剂液体（支路），通过膨胀阀节流后，由点4进入经济器蒸发，吸收另一路制冷剂液体（主路）的热量，增大主路制冷剂液体的过冷度，提升系统冷量（从环境吸收的热量）。
In order to improve the thermal effect of the low-temperature environment, the application of the air source heat pump unit can be increased, and the low-temperature air source heat pump technology with the economizer can be used. The working principle is shown in the figure. This technique is mainly used in the compressor compression middle segment to increase the airport, which is the traditional economic interface. Economizer is flow in tube (point 1) dispose of the refrigerant liquid (branch), all the way through the expansion valve throttle, evaporation by point 4 into the economy, all the way to absorb the other refrigerant liquid (main) heat, increase the degree of supercooling of liquid refrigerant of the main road, improve the system of cold quantity (absorbs heat from the environment).
支路制冷剂液体在经济器内蒸发后，进入压缩机的经济器接口（点6）。由于经济器回路的制冷剂蒸气压力和密度相对压缩机吸气压力（点7）高，制冷剂质量流量相对较大，因此可以增大室内换热器流通和换热的制冷剂质量流量，从而大幅度提升空调机的制热量和能效比。下图所示为可实现中间补气功能的涡旋式压缩机，设计有中间补气接口。
After the liquid is evaporated in the economizer, it enters the compressor's economic interface (point 6). As a result of the economizer circuit refrigerant vapor pressure and high density relative compressor suction pressure point (7), refrigerant mass flow is opposite bigger, so it can increase the circulation of the indoor heat exchanger and heat transfer of refrigerant mass flow rate, heat and thus greatly enhance the air conditioning system can effect comparing. The figure below shows a vortex compressor which can achieve intermediate air - filling work.
带中间补气的涡旋式压缩机
Scroll compressor with intermediate filling
[IMG_9477 副本1.jpg] 低温型空气源热泵性能
[img 9477 copy 1. JPG] low temperature type air source heat pump performance
在超低温环境（室外温度达到-20℃）的制热试验中，普通机组已经无法运行，但低温机组的制热量仍可达到名义工况下的55%左右，能效比为2.0左右。
In cryogenic environment (outdoor temperature reached - 20 ℃) of the heating experiment, ordinary units have been unable to run, but still low temperature system of the unit heat can reach about 55% of the nominal conditions, can effect comparing is about 2.0.
国内已有-15℃环境温度时保持2.3的性能系数，-20℃时还能达到1.8的超低温热泵产品。超低温空气源热泵的特性曲线（性能曲线）如下图：
Domestic existing 15 ℃ environment temperature to maintain the performance coefficient of 2.3, - 20 ℃ ultra-low temperature can reach 1.8 when heat pump products. The characteristic curve of the ultra-low temperature air source heat pump (performance curve) is as follows:
[IMG_9477 副本1.jpg] 采用低温型空气源热泵的地区
[IMG_9477 copy 1. JPG] USES a low-temperature air source heat pump area
从表格可以看出，在华南、西南、华东和华中的部分地区，冬季空气调节温度大部分均在-7℃以上，最低日平均气温也在-10℃以上，可采用普通涡旋式空气源热泵机组。
Can be seen from the table, in parts of south China, southwest, east China and central China, the temperature of air conditioning in winter most are over - 7 ℃, the lowest average temperature also in - 10 ℃ above, can use ordinary vortex type air source heat pump units.
在东北、西北和华北的部分低温地区，冬季室外温度均低于-20℃，这部分地区宜采用燃气或燃煤锅炉集中供暖方式。
Part of the low temperature in northeast, northwest and north China, the winter outdoor temperature is below - 20 ℃, parts of the appropriate USES central heating gas or coal combustion boiler.
在华中、华东、华北、西北的部分地区，冬季室外温度均在-15℃以上，最低日平均气温也在-20℃以上，无法采用普通机组供暖，虽然部分地区的城镇已有集中供暖，但集中供暖缺乏灵活性；
In parts of central China, east China, north China, northwest, outdoor temperature in winter in more than 15 ℃, the minimum daily average temperature is 20 ℃ above, cannot use normal heating unit, although in some parts of the town for central heating, but a lack of flexibility; central heating
在黄河以南的中部地区，冬季取暖多依靠煤炭，供热效率低且易发生煤气中毒事故；而且长江沿线十余省，冬季基本上无集中供暖，电暖器等局部取暖设施不能满足整个居室的供暖需要，且耗电量较高。普通机组在超低气温环境中运行不可靠且制热量衰减严重，而低温机组则具有较好的适应性。
In the central region south of the Yellow River, winter heating depends on coal, which is inefficient and prone to gas poisoning accidents. Besides, in the ten provinces along the Yangtze river, there is basically no central heating in winter, and local heating facilities such as electric heater cannot meet the heating needs of the whole room, and the electricity consumption is high. The ordinary units are not reliable and the heat attenuation is serious in the ultra-low temperature environment, while the cryogenic unit has good adaptability.
[IMG_9477 副本1.jpg] 低温机组与普通机组相比具有以下优点
[img 9477 copy 1. JPG] low temperature units have the following advantages compared with ordinary units
1、在名义制冷和制热工况下，低温机组的冷热量和能效比普通机组有所提升。在-10~-15℃的环境中，普通机组基本无法正常工作，可靠性低，制热量衰减严重。低温机组不但能够稳定制热运行，且排气温度相对较低，运行可靠。
1. Under the nominal cooling and heating conditions, the cold heat and energy efficiency of the cryogenic units have been improved. In - 10 ~ 15 ℃ environment, basic common unit cannot work normally, low reliability, system heat attenuation. The low temperature unit not only can stabilize the heat operation, but also the exhaust temperature is relatively low, the operation is reliable.
2、低温机组在-15~-20℃超低温环境中仍可正常稳定运行，能效比在2.0左右。
2, low temperature unit in 15 ~ 20 ℃ ultra-low temperature environment can still be normal and stable operation, can effect comparing at about 2.0.
结论
conclusion
空气源热泵的高效节能，舒适安全越来越受到用户与开发企业的青睐，在市政条件不完善，容积率低，同时入住户数不高的低密度高档小区，户式中央地暖+中央空调+生活热水一体式解决方案，是不二的选择。
Air source heat pump of high efficiency and energy saving, comfortable safety more and more get the favour of user and development enterprises, the municipal condition is not perfect, low volume rate, at the same time households are not high in the low density of high-grade village, household central air conditioner type central floor heating + + life one-piece solution, hot water is not second choice.
2016年8月11日，由中国热泵产业联盟主办的“2016中国热泵产业联盟年会及亚洲空气源热泵高峰论坛”在北京开幕，中国工程院院士、清华大学教授、本刊编委会副主任委员江亿到场出席活动并发表了题为《用空气源热泵实现“煤改电”》的讲话。
On August 11, 2016, sponsored by the China pump industry association "2016 China pump industry association convention and air source heat pump in Asia peak BBS" in Beijing, Chinese academy of engineering, professor at tsinghua university, our deputy director of the editorial board member ycas presence and published titled "the air source heat pump is used to implement the" coal to electricity ", "speech.
“十八大”报告中，环境保护被提升到了前所未有的高度，首次单篇论述生态文明，首提“美丽中国”的宏伟目标，并释放了强烈的关注环境保护、资源循环利用、节能减排等相关领域的信号。随着国家对环境污染的严格管控，供暖污染越来越引起民众关注，空气源热泵这种清洁能源已经受到更多人的关注。在清华同方、美的、格力、芬尼克斯等生产企业的研发下，空气源热泵已经广泛走入了人们的住宅。
"Eighteen big" report, the environmental protection is raised to an unprecedented height, for the first time a single ecological civilization, the first mention of the "beautiful China" grand goal, and release a strong focus on environmental protection, resources recycle, signal in the field of energy conservation and emissions reduction, etc. The clean energy of air source heat pump has attracted more attention as the state's strict control over environmental pollution has attracted more and more attention from the public. In the research and development of tsinghua tongfang, midea, gree, finnix and other manufacturers, air source heat pump has been widely used in people's homes.
Air source heat pump heating is by absorbing outside low grade heat energy in the air, on the basis of principle of heat pump, use a small amount of electricity through the compressor, compressed high temperature waste heat generated after work, will heat the water to no higher than 60 ℃ (average temperature in 35 to 50 ℃) of a heat pump equipment. The hot water that comes from the hot water can be heated through the indoor hot water heating line.
空气源热泵的工作机理就是其室外蒸发器从空气中的环境热能中吸取热量，使传热介质（冷媒/制冷剂）蒸发汽化，介质（冷媒/制冷剂）蒸气经压缩机压缩后压力和温度上升，高温蒸气通过黏结在贮水箱外表面的特制环形管冷凝器冷凝成液体，同时释放出的热量加热了空气源热泵贮水箱中的水，冷凝后的传热介质（冷媒/制冷剂）通过膨胀阀返回到蒸发器，然后再被蒸发，如此循环往复。工作原理图如下：
The working mechanism of air source heat pump is the outdoor evaporator absorbs heat from the thermal environment in the air, the heat transfer medium (refrigerant/refrigerant) evaporation vaporization, medium (refrigerant/refrigerant) steam after compressor compression pressure and temperature rise, high temperature steam through the special circular tube condenser of the surface outside the stick in the water storage tank condensed liquid, at the same time, releasing heat to heat the air source heat pump water storage tank in the water, after the condensation heat transfer medium (refrigerant/refrigerant) through the expansion valve to return to the evaporator, and then evaporate, so cycle. The working principle diagram is as follows:
总之不管是任何空调，都遵循能量守恒原理：空气能热泵把释放的能量送到水箱里交换热量。制热就反过来。冷媒的循环：气态-->液态--->气态，气态在压缩机压力下变成液态过程要产生热量，热量排出后液态冷媒变冷了流到室内交换管道与室内空气交换变成冷气，此时变成了气态冷媒。
In any case, any air conditioner follows the principle of conservation of energy: air can pump the energy released into the water tank to exchange heat. The heat is the other way around. Refrigerant cycle: gas - > - > gaseous, liquid gas under pressure from the compressor into liquid process to generate heat, heat from the liquid refrigerant cooling flow to the indoor air exchange pipes and the exchange into air conditioning, now turned into a gaseous refrigerant.
[IMG_9477 副本1.jpg] 空气源热泵的优点
[1] the advantages of air source heat pump
整体性好，安装方便，可露天安装在室外，如屋顶、阳台等处，不占有建筑面积，节省土建资源。
The whole body is good, the installation is convenient, can be installed in the open air outside, such as the place such as the roof, the balcony, do not occupy the building area, save the civil building resources.
一机两用，夏天供冷，冬天供热，冷热源兼用，省去了锅炉房
A combination of the cold, cold, cold and heat source in the summer, saving the boiler room
机组的安全保护和自动控制集成度较高，运行可靠，管理方便。
The safety protection and automatic control of the unit are high, reliable and easy to manage.
输出的有效热量总大于机组的消耗功率，比直接电热供暖节能。
The effective energy of the output is greater than the consumption power of the unit, which is more energy saving than direct electric heating.
以下表格为不同热源比较：
The following table is for different heat sources:
注1：设在相同条件下对1吨初始水温为20℃的生活热水进行加热，使水温升高到55℃。
Note 1: in the same conditions for the 1 ton of initial water temperature is 20 ℃ hot water for heating, water temperature rise to 55 ℃.
需热量：1000kg×（55-20）℃×1Kcal/kg℃=35000 Kcal
Heat requirement: 1000 kg * (55-20 ℃ * 1 Kcal/kg ℃ = 35000 Kcal
注2：能源价格表：商用电：0.9元/°，轻柴油：5元/㎏，液化气：14元/m³
Note 2: the energy price list: commercial electricity: 0.9 yuan / °, light diesel oil: 5 yuan / ㎏, liquefied gas, 14 yuan/m after
综上优点，越来越多的地产商鉴于用户维度的考虑，采用空气源热泵作为生活热水的首选，以江南区域为主。
To sum up the advantages, more and more real estate developers have adopted the air source heat pump as the first choice for living hot water in view of the user dimension.
[IMG_9477 副本1.jpg] 空气源热泵的缺点
[img 9477 copy 1. JPG] air source heat pump defects
机组常年暴露在室外，运行环境差，使用寿命比冷水机组短。
The unit is exposed to the outside, the operating environment is poor, and the service life is shorter than the chiller.
机组的制冷制热性能随室外气候变化明显。制冷量随室外气温升高而降低，制热量随室外气温降低而减少。
The refrigerating heat performance of the unit is obvious with outdoor climate. The refrigerating volume decreases with the increase of outdoor air temperature, and the heat production decreases with outdoor air temperature.
机组是以室外空气作为热源，由于空气比热容小以及室外侧的传热温差小，故所需风量较大，机组的体积也较大。
The unit is a heat source with outdoor air, because the air is smaller than the heat capacity and the heat transfer in the outdoor side is small, so the air volume is larger and the volume of the unit is larger.
冬季室外温度在-5℃~5℃范围时，蒸发器常会结霜，需频繁的进行融霜，供热能力会下降。
Winter outdoor temperature within the range - 5 ℃ ~ 5 ℃, evaporator frosting, are always need frequent to defrost, heating ability will decline.
[IMG_9477 副本1.jpg] 空气源热泵应用范围的局限性
[1] the limitations of the application range of air source heat pump
空气源热泵的工作温度是零下10至40℃。使用这一技术，能有效节约能源，其运行成本只有电热水器的1/4，如按照现有的电价和油价，烧热同样多的热水，它的运行成本只有燃油锅炉的1/2。
Air source heat pump working temperature is 10 to 40 ℃ below zero. Using this technology, can effectively save energy and its running cost is only a quarter of the electric water heater, such as in accordance with the existing electricity and oil, heat the same amount of hot water, and its running cost is only half the fuel boiler.
但普通空气源热泵型机组由于受到压缩机运行范围、运行特性和要求的限制，实际上仅能运行于不低于-10℃的环境。在室外环境温度低于-10℃的情况下，机组的制热能力和效率下降明显，而且在低温环境下，热泵系统还会出现回液、排气温度高、超范围运行等问题，因此对于长江以北及广大的北方地区，其适应性下降。
But ordinary air source heat pump units due to the working characteristic and the request of compressor operating range, and in fact can only run on not less than 10 ℃ environment. In outdoor environment temperature is below - under the condition of 10 ℃, the heating capacity and efficiency of unit down significantly, and under the environment of low temperature, heat pump system will also come back to liquid, high exhaust temperature, make run, so for the Yangtze river and north of the north, the adaptive decline.
普通单级压缩空气源热泵机组在低温环境下的热量衰减严重的主要原因是：在室外温度低（低于-10℃）的情况下，制冷剂蒸气压力下降，制冷剂质量流量下降，导致在压缩机体积排气量不变的情况下，用于制热的制冷剂的质量流量非常低，机组的制热效果下降，制热量衰减严重，而此时又是制热量需求最大的时候，因此此时普通空气源热泵机组不适用。
Ordinary single stage compression air source heat pump units under the environment of low temperature heat attenuation serious main reason is: in the outdoor temperature is low (less than 10 ℃), under the condition of refrigerant vapor pressure drop, refrigerant mass flow rate decreased, resulting in under the condition of invariable volume displacement compressors, refrigerant mass flow rate is very low for heating, heating effect of the unit, system heat attenuation is serious, and is the largest system heat demand, so this time ordinary air source heat pump units shall not apply.
[IMG_9477 副本1.jpg] 空气源热泵的特性及使用要求
[img 9477 copy 1. JPG] air source heat pump characteristics and usage requirements
由于空气源热泵是从外围的空气环境中吸收热量来制热的，因此它的制热性能较大的受到环境温度的影响，随着室外温度的降低，热泵的性能系数也随之下降，当性能系数下降到接近1时，采用热泵供热就失去了节能的意义，因此空气源热泵不能应用于室外气温过低的情况下。另外，当室外温度低于热泵机组可接受的工作温度时，机组也无法启动工作。
Due to air source heat pump from the periphery to heating of the heat absorption of air environment, so its heating performance affected by environmental temperature, with the loss of the outdoor temperature, the heat pump performance coefficient is also down, when the coefficient of performance dropped to near 1, using heat pump heating loses the significance of energy saving, so the air source heat pump can not be applied to outdoor air temperature is too low. In addition, when the outdoor temperature is lower than the acceptable working temperature of the heat pump unit, the unit cannot start the work.
随着空气源热泵设备的不断改进，空气源热泵的工作温度下限也从早期的-5℃，发展到-25℃左右的超低温热泵。这就应运产生了北方地区采暖专用的空气源热泵----低温型空气源热泵。
With the continuous improvement of air source heat pump equipment, the working temperature of air source heat pump and floor also from early - 5 ℃, the development of up to 25 ℃ or so - cryogenic heat pump. This should result in the air source heat pump for heating in the northern region - the cryogenic air source heat pump.
低温型空气源热泵
Cryogenic air source heat pump
为了提升低温环境下的制热效果，增大空气源热泵机组的适用地域范围，可采用带经济器的低温空气源热泵技术，其工作原理如图所示。此项技术主要是在压缩机的压缩中间段增加补气口，也就是传统的经济器接口。经济器流路是在液管（点1）处分出一路制冷剂液体（支路），通过膨胀阀节流后，由点4进入经济器蒸发，吸收另一路制冷剂液体（主路）的热量，增大主路制冷剂液体的过冷度，提升系统冷量（从环境吸收的热量）。
In order to improve the thermal effect of the low-temperature environment, the application of the air source heat pump unit can be increased, and the low-temperature air source heat pump technology with the economizer can be used. The working principle is shown in the figure. This technique is mainly used in the compressor compression middle segment to increase the airport, which is the traditional economic interface. Economizer is flow in tube (point 1) dispose of the refrigerant liquid (branch), all the way through the expansion valve throttle, evaporation by point 4 into the economy, all the way to absorb the other refrigerant liquid (main) heat, increase the degree of supercooling of liquid refrigerant of the main road, improve the system of cold quantity (absorbs heat from the environment).
支路制冷剂液体在经济器内蒸发后，进入压缩机的经济器接口（点6）。由于经济器回路的制冷剂蒸气压力和密度相对压缩机吸气压力（点7）高，制冷剂质量流量相对较大，因此可以增大室内换热器流通和换热的制冷剂质量流量，从而大幅度提升空调机的制热量和能效比。下图所示为可实现中间补气功能的涡旋式压缩机，设计有中间补气接口。
After the liquid is evaporated in the economizer, it enters the compressor's economic interface (point 6). As a result of the economizer circuit refrigerant vapor pressure and high density relative compressor suction pressure point (7), refrigerant mass flow is opposite bigger, so it can increase the circulation of the indoor heat exchanger and heat transfer of refrigerant mass flow rate, heat and thus greatly enhance the air conditioning system can effect comparing. The figure below shows a vortex compressor which can achieve intermediate air - filling work.
带中间补气的涡旋式压缩机
Scroll compressor with intermediate filling
[IMG_9477 副本1.jpg] 低温型空气源热泵性能
[img 9477 copy 1. JPG] low temperature type air source heat pump performance
在超低温环境（室外温度达到-20℃）的制热试验中，普通机组已经无法运行，但低温机组的制热量仍可达到名义工况下的55%左右，能效比为2.0左右。
In cryogenic environment (outdoor temperature reached - 20 ℃) of the heating experiment, ordinary units have been unable to run, but still low temperature system of the unit heat can reach about 55% of the nominal conditions, can effect comparing is about 2.0.
国内已有-15℃环境温度时保持2.3的性能系数，-20℃时还能达到1.8的超低温热泵产品。超低温空气源热泵的特性曲线（性能曲线）如下图：
Domestic existing 15 ℃ environment temperature to maintain the performance coefficient of 2.3, - 20 ℃ ultra-low temperature can reach 1.8 when heat pump products. The characteristic curve of the ultra-low temperature air source heat pump (performance curve) is as follows:
[IMG_9477 副本1.jpg] 采用低温型空气源热泵的地区
[IMG_9477 copy 1. JPG] USES a low-temperature air source heat pump area
从表格可以看出，在华南、西南、华东和华中的部分地区，冬季空气调节温度大部分均在-7℃以上，最低日平均气温也在-10℃以上，可采用普通涡旋式空气源热泵机组。
Can be seen from the table, in parts of south China, southwest, east China and central China, the temperature of air conditioning in winter most are over - 7 ℃, the lowest average temperature also in - 10 ℃ above, can use ordinary vortex type air source heat pump units.
在东北、西北和华北的部分低温地区，冬季室外温度均低于-20℃，这部分地区宜采用燃气或燃煤锅炉集中供暖方式。
Part of the low temperature in northeast, northwest and north China, the winter outdoor temperature is below - 20 ℃, parts of the appropriate USES central heating gas or coal combustion boiler.
在华中、华东、华北、西北的部分地区，冬季室外温度均在-15℃以上，最低日平均气温也在-20℃以上，无法采用普通机组供暖，虽然部分地区的城镇已有集中供暖，但集中供暖缺乏灵活性；
In parts of central China, east China, north China, northwest, outdoor temperature in winter in more than 15 ℃, the minimum daily average temperature is 20 ℃ above, cannot use normal heating unit, although in some parts of the town for central heating, but a lack of flexibility; central heating
在黄河以南的中部地区，冬季取暖多依靠煤炭，供热效率低且易发生煤气中毒事故；而且长江沿线十余省，冬季基本上无集中供暖，电暖器等局部取暖设施不能满足整个居室的供暖需要，且耗电量较高。普通机组在超低气温环境中运行不可靠且制热量衰减严重，而低温机组则具有较好的适应性。
In the central region south of the Yellow River, winter heating depends on coal, which is inefficient and prone to gas poisoning accidents. Besides, in the ten provinces along the Yangtze river, there is basically no central heating in winter, and local heating facilities such as electric heater cannot meet the heating needs of the whole room, and the electricity consumption is high. The ordinary units are not reliable and the heat attenuation is serious in the ultra-low temperature environment, while the cryogenic unit has good adaptability.
[IMG_9477 副本1.jpg] 低温机组与普通机组相比具有以下优点
[img 9477 copy 1. JPG] low temperature units have the following advantages compared with ordinary units
1、在名义制冷和制热工况下，低温机组的冷热量和能效比普通机组有所提升。在-10~-15℃的环境中，普通机组基本无法正常工作，可靠性低，制热量衰减严重。低温机组不但能够稳定制热运行，且排气温度相对较低，运行可靠。
1. Under the nominal cooling and heating conditions, the cold heat and energy efficiency of the cryogenic units have been improved. In - 10 ~ 15 ℃ environment, basic common unit cannot work normally, low reliability, system heat attenuation. The low temperature unit not only can stabilize the heat operation, but also the exhaust temperature is relatively low, the operation is reliable.
2、低温机组在-15~-20℃超低温环境中仍可正常稳定运行，能效比在2.0左右。
2, low temperature unit in 15 ~ 20 ℃ ultra-low temperature environment can still be normal and stable operation, can effect comparing at about 2.0.
结论
conclusion
空气源热泵的高效节能，舒适安全越来越受到用户与开发企业的青睐，在市政条件不完善，容积率低，同时入住户数不高的低密度高档小区，户式中央地暖+中央空调+生活热水一体式解决方案，是不二的选择。
Air source heat pump of high efficiency and energy saving, comfortable safety more and more get the favour of user and development enterprises, the municipal condition is not perfect, low volume rate, at the same time households are not high in the low density of high-grade village, household central air conditioner type central floor heating + + life one-piece solution, hot water is not second choice.
2016年8月11日，由中国热泵产业联盟主办的“2016中国热泵产业联盟年会及亚洲空气源热泵高峰论坛”在北京开幕，中国工程院院士、清华大学教授、本刊编委会副主任委员江亿到场出席活动并发表了题为《用空气源热泵实现“煤改电”》的讲话。
On August 11, 2016, sponsored by the China pump industry association "2016 China pump industry association convention and air source heat pump in Asia peak BBS" in Beijing, Chinese academy of engineering, professor at tsinghua university, our deputy director of the editorial board member ycas presence and published titled "the air source heat pump is used to implement the" coal to electricity ", "speech.
“十八大”报告中，环境保护被提升到了前所未有的高度，首次单篇论述生态文明，首提“美丽中国”的宏伟目标，并释放了强烈的关注环境保护、资源循环利用、节能减排等相关领域的信号。随着国家对环境污染的严格管控，供暖污染越来越引起民众关注，空气源热泵这种清洁能源已经受到更多人的关注。在清华同方、美的、格力、芬尼克斯等生产企业的研发下，空气源热泵已经广泛走入了人们的住宅。
"Eighteen big" report, the environmental protection is raised to an unprecedented height, for the first time a single ecological civilization, the first mention of the "beautiful China" grand goal, and release a strong focus on environmental protection, resources recycle, signal in the field of energy conservation and emissions reduction, etc. The clean energy of air source heat pump has attracted more attention as the state's strict control over environmental pollution has attracted more and more attention from the public. In the research and development of tsinghua tongfang, midea, gree, finnix and other manufacturers, air source heat pump has been widely used in people's homes.
